More than 1 million Muslims are detained in China—but how did we get that number?

In the tightly-controlled information system that is China, journalists and independent researchers have almost no access to the region—but that hasn’t stopped scholars, rights groups and members of the Uyghur diaspora from arriving at estimates of the numbers of camps and their residents. They rely on leaked information, analysis of security spending, and satellite imagery, as well as accounts from individual families.

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Brainwashing, Police Guards and Coercive Internment: Evidence from Chinese Government Documents about the Nature and Extent of Xinjiang’s “Vocational Training Internment Camps

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Searching for truth in China's Uighur 're-education' camps